相思令·苹满溪
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宋代]：张先
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苹满溪。柳绕堤。相送行人溪水西。回时陇月低。
烟霏霏。风凄凄。重倚朱门听马嘶。寒鸥相对飞。
相思令·苹满溪鉴赏
这是一首意境凄迷朦胧的送别词。全词以景语结情，熔情入景。词中选取满溪之苹绕堤之柳、低垂之月、霏霏之烟、凄凄之风、寂寒之鸥等景象，营造出一个朦胧的境界，有效地渲染、烘托出送者凄迷的心境。作者高超的艺术技巧，使得此词获得了独特的艺术魅力，送别词中别具一格。
起首一句，写送行途中所见景象。“苹满溪。柳绕堤。”青苹满溪，其含意无异于芳草萋萋，亦是关别情。垂柳绕堤，则暗示沿曲曲溪柳送行之远。熔情入景，寓事于景，意蕴包孕很丰富，语言却极简练，只六个字。“相送行人溪水西”承上，点明送行之事，也点明全词的词旨。千里送行，终有一别，“溪水西”就是送者不得不止、行人终于别去之处。无限凄惘，见于言外，因为水西一别，行人已经渐行渐远，则送者不得不返。歇拍即写送者归来所见景象：“回时陇月低。”陇月即山月，山月低垂，则天将拂晓。可见，送行之时是拂晓之前。古人远行，多启程于黎明之前甚至夜半时分。“回时”二字，写送者沿送行原路折回。方才顺此路送行，此时逆此路返回，却是孤身一人，唯有低垂之陇月，照见形单影只而已。“陇月低”三字，妙景物之特征与情感之特征相似。此句陇月之低垂，与送者心情之低沉，特征完全相同；低垂的陇月，正象征着低沉的心情。
上片描写送别情境，下片则转写别后情境。过片两句，纯为景语，写的是：拂晓之后，山水原野，烟霭霏霏笼罩，寒风凄凄交加。而送者的心灵，同样笼罩凄迷怅惘之中，这景语又正象喻着心情。这两句不但有景象吻合心情之妙，而且有声情吻合词情之妙。这两句共六字，字字皆阴平，构成凄凉之调，读来愈觉其凄楚。“重倚朱门听马嘶”写：送者已回到家门，可是仍不能平静，因为家门反而触动了伤心 怀抱，所以送者转过身来，背靠朱门，面向远方，重新举目眺望行人所去的方向，可是，只听得路上过往的马嘶声，再也不见那人的影子，声声马嘶想必紧揪着送者的心。结句“寒鸥相对飞”将凄迷的词情推到极致：此时，天地间唯有那霏霏晓烟中飞来飞去的寒鸥，与孤独的送者相对。人鸥相对，只是一片静默而已；这静默之中，包含着无限的悲哀。此句还含蓄地点出送者为女性，行人为男性。温庭筠《河传》词云：“若耶溪，溪水西，柳堤，不闻郎马嘶”，可与此词参看。抒情主人公送行归家，闻路上马嘶声，犹倚门倾耳而听。一个“听”字，写出其心动神驰之状，而一个“重”字，则其念兹兹之情亦可想。骑马去者必为情郎，则“倚朱门”者自是怨女。对此作者偏不于明处交代，只从“听马嘶”一幕曲折透出。
此词的一个显著特色是词调声情与词情妙合无间。全词用平声，其音低抑，如诉如泣，而且句句押韵，韵脚既极密，声情便紧促。特别是过片二句，全用阴平声，尤见低抑。低抑的韵脚、字声与急密的韵位构成一部声情悱恻的凄调，与词情表里一致，相得益彰。
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李颀《
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送刘昱》
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苏轼《
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浣溪沙·缥缈红妆照浅溪》
张先简介
唐代·张先的简介
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张先（990－1078），字子野，乌程（今浙江湖州吴兴）人。北宋时期著名的词人，曾任安陆县的知县，因此人称“张安陆”。天圣八年进士，官至尚书都官郎中。晚年退居湖杭之间。曾与梅尧臣、欧阳修、苏轼等游。善作慢词，与柳永齐名，造语工巧，曾因三处善用“影”字，世称张三影。
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