杜蒉扬觯
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两汉]：佚名
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知悼子卒，未葬，平公饮酒，师旷、李调侍，鼓钟。杜蒉自外来，闻钟声，曰：“安在？”曰：“在寝。”杜蒉入寝，历阶而升，酌曰：“旷饮斯！”又酌曰：“调饮斯！”又酌，堂上北面坐饮之。降趋而出。
平公呼而进之，曰：“蒉！曩者尔心或开予，是以不与尔言。尔饮旷，何也？”曰：“子卯不乐。知悼子在堂，斯其为子卯也大矣！旷也，太师也。不以诏，是以饮之也。”“尔饮调，何也？”曰：“调也，君之亵臣也。为一饮一食忘君之疾，是以饮之也。”“尔饮，何也？”曰：“蒉也，宰夫也，非刀匕是共，又敢与知防，是以饮之也。”平公曰：“寡人亦有过焉，酌而饮寡人。”杜蒉洗而扬觯。公谓侍者曰：“如我死，则必毋废斯爵也！”
至于今，既毕献，斯扬觯，谓之“杜举”。
杜蒉扬觯译文及注释
译文
知悼子死，还没有下葬。平公饮酒（作乐），师旷、李调陪伴侍奉，敲击编钟（演奏乐曲）。杜蒉从外面来，听到编钟声，说：“（平公）在哪？”（仆人）说：“在寝宫。”杜蒉前往寝宫，拾阶而上。斟酒道：“师旷干了这杯。”又斟酒道：“李调干了这杯。”又斟酒，在大厅的北面（面对平公）坐下干了酒。走下台阶，跑着出去。
平公喊他进来，说：“蒉，刚才我心想你可能要开导我，所以不跟你说话。你罚师旷喝酒，是为什么啊？”（杜蒉）说：“子日和卯日不演奏乐曲（据说夏朝的桀王逃亡在山西安邑县于乙卯日死亡；商朝的纣王在甲子日自焚死亡。后代君王引以为戒，以子卯日为‘疾日’，不演奏乐曲）。知悼子还在堂上（停灵），这事与子卯日相比大多了！师旷，是太师啊。（他）不告诉您道理，所以罚他喝酒啊。”“你罚李调喝酒，（又是）为什么呢？”（杜蒉）说：“李调，是君主身边的近臣。为了一点喝的一点吃食忘记了君主的忌讳，所以罚他喝酒啊。”“你自己（罚自己）喝酒，（又是）为什么呢？”（杜蒉）说：“我杜蒉，膳食官而已，不去管刀勺的事务，却敢干预（对君主）讲道理防范错误的事，所以罚自己喝酒。”平公说：“我也有过错啊。斟酒来罚我。”杜蒉洗干净然后高高举起酒杯。平公对侍从们说：“如果我死了，千万不要丢弃这酒杯啊。”
直到今天，（人们）敬完酒后，都要高举酒杯，叫做“杜举”。
注释
①知悼子：知罂（yīng），春秋时晋国大夫。悼是他的谥号。
②师旷：晋国乐师。李调：晋臣。侍：作陪。鼓钟：敲钟。
③杜蒉：晋平公的厨师。
④寝：寝宫。国君休息的宫殿。
⑤降：这里指走下殿阶。
①进之：让他进来。曩者：刚才。
②饮：要别人喝酒。
③子卯不乐：商纣王是在甲子那天自杀，夏桀在乙卯日被流放的，所以甲子日、乙卯日是历代君王的忌讳之日，禁止享乐。
④在堂：灵柩还放在殿堂里没有下葬。
⑤悼子是亲近大臣，死了还没下葬，这忌讳应当大于桀纣之忌。
⑥太师：对乐师的称呼。诏：告诉。
⑦亵臣：宠幸的近臣。疾：犹言忌讳之事。
⑧宰夫：厨师。共：同“供”。匕：羹匙。“刀匕是共”，宾语前置句。
⑨与：参加。知防：察觉和防止违礼的事。
⑩扬：高高举起。觯：饮酒器皿。
⑪爵：饮酒器。
杜蒉扬觯鉴赏
杜蒉进谏，如果当时直接指出平公的不是，平公未必能接受。于是在罚酒三杯之后，即快步走出，引起平公的怪异；待平公主动问及，他才一一说出，平公也就爽然自失，不得不接受了。杜蒉可说是个善于提意见的人。
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