赋得蝉
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南北朝]：褚沄
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避雀乔枝里，飞空华殿曲。
天寒响屡嘶，日暮声愈促。
繁吟如故尽，长韵还相续。
饮露非表清，轻身易知足。
赋得蝉鉴赏
这是一首咏物诗，咏物诗均有象征的意思，因为语言文字本身就是“近取诸身，远取诸物”的隐喻系统。隐喻的基础即人与自然的基本相似性。诗人总是不厌其烦地幻想我是树，是蝉，是鸟，是云等等，企图通过忘我、脱我、化我而与世界合一。隐喻建立在双重或多重存在之上，诗人喻自己为蝉，就是把另一种经历或活动，即把蝉的生存过程与特性加在真实的生活领域中，意味着真实中的虚幻，虚幻中的真实。像蝉一般象征廉洁、清高、悲哀。古人以为蝉栖高树，声高远，以晨露为食，蝉也就成了“清高”、“廉洁”的代名词。蝉一生十分短促，深秋天寒，蝉声哀嘶，逐渐死去，故而总被用来表达悲秋情绪。
刘勰说过一句言简意赅的话：“比类虽繁，以切至为贵。”隐喻虽多种多样，但要以贴切吻合为最高标准。“切至”就是形神兼备，形犹不似，遑论神似？在《赋得蝉》中，诗人将自然之物——蝉人格化，以此审视自身的人格价值和生存环境。对于这首诗，一般理解过程大致是，前两句直接描写蝉为了躲避黄雀的伤害（隐含螳螂捕蝉黄雀在后的典故），或藏身在高高的树枝上，或避匿在空空的宫殿内。这里实写了蝉艰难的生存状况。颔联和颈联写蝉在寒秋日暮之时，哀嘶悲鸣，声音短促，间或有单调的余韵绕耳，渲染了一种悲凉的氛围。最后两句借蝉之口直接抒写：蝉餐风饮露，无所厚求，并不是故作清高，而是容易知道满足，表达了一种知足常乐的意思。
然而，这只是构成了这首诗的表层含义，因为“饮露非表清，轻身易知足”中已经蕴含了知足常乐的意思。解读一首诗，肯定要注重其语境，什么是语境呢？用燕卜荪的话说，即“语境就是与我们诠释某个词语有关的一切事情。”文本中字或词意义的确定都要依赖于词句之间的关系，所以，一首诗句中意义的确定必然受到其它字词句的语境限制，即一首诗中每一个词、语句的意义都要彼此相互确定，这种相互确定的过程就使得文本的语义之间呈现网状化的现象，使文本的意义缠绕含混，蕴藉多义，仅凭读者从头到尾一次阅读，是不可能意识到其错综复杂的意义丛的。
认真阅读，全诗处处写蝉，实际是处处写自己，让人有一种悲哀之感。那么，我们又是怎样获得这样的深层意义和感受的呢？只要回到首联去感知，就会发现“避雀乔枝里，飞空华殿曲”很难解释，也就是说，很难和知足常乐联系起来。而知足常乐也很难和中间两联的“天寒”、“响屡嘶”、“日暮”、“声愈促”等联系起来。所以，后三联对蝉原本的意义和声音的描述，在首联大背景暗示下，发生了变化，产生了言外之意，变成了诗人对自己生存境况的深深的忧虑。中间两联写蝉声，不仅仅渲染了一种悲凉的氛围，而且还寄寓了对生命流逝的伤感以及对自己处境艰难的悲哀之情。尾联诗人以蝉自喻，蝉栖高树，饮晨露，不是为了故意显示自己的清雅高洁；自己为官清廉，也非故意显示与众不同，而是自己知道知足常乐；但“知足”这个词语来自于《老子》，“祸莫大于不知足”，由于有了首联实写的提示，可见诗人在“知足”背后潜藏着一种悲哀，在悲哀中还杂糅着一种畏祸的心态，隐含的意思是知足为避祸全身。这首诗的意义就是这样相互生成的。
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上一首：
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金章宗《
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蝶恋花·几股湘江龙骨瘦》
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下一首：
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陈子昂《
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咏主人壁上画鹤寄乔主簿崔著作》
褚沄简介
唐代·褚沄的简介
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褚沄，字士洋，褚炫子，河南阳翟人。仕梁为曲阿令。历晋安王中录事，正员郎，乌程令。兄游亡，弃县还，为太尉属，延陵令，中书侍郎，太子率更令，御史中丞，湘东王府谘议参军。卒。
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