悲从弟仲德
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魏晋]：陶渊明
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衔哀过旧宅，悲泪应心零。
借问为谁悲？怀人在九冥。
礼服名群从，恩爱若同生。
门前执手时，何意尔先倾！
在数竟不免，为山不及成。
慈母沈哀疚，二胤才数龄。
双位委空馆，朝夕无哭声。
流尘集虚坐，宿草旅前庭。
阶除旷游迹，园林独馀情。
翳然乘化去，终天不复形。
迟迟将回步，恻恻悲襟盈。
悲从弟仲德译文及注释
译文
凭吊旧宅含悲痛，心伤难止泪飘零。
问我如今为谁悲？所怀之人在幽冥。
按礼成服为堂弟，恩情不减同胞生。
门前执手话别时，谁料你会先凋殒。
天数命定不免死，建功立业竟未成。
慈母哀伤心沉痛，二子尚且是幼童。
夫妻灵位置空馆，早晚寂寞无哭声。
灰尘堆积在空座，隔年杂草生前庭。
台阶荒废无踪迹，唯有园林留遗情。
暗随自然消逝去，终古不再见身形。
脚步沉重缓缓归，忧伤悲痛泪沾襟。
注释
从弟：同祖父的弟弟，即堂弟。敬德：一作“仲德”。按陶渊明另一位从弟名“敬远”，当以“敬德”为可信。其生平事迹不详。
衔哀：心怀哀痛。三国魏嵇康《养生论》：“终朝未餐，则嚣然思食；而曾子衔哀，七日不饥。”衔，含。过：访，探望。这里有凭吊之意。旧宅：指柴桑敬德的旧居。
悲泪：悲伤的眼泪。应（yìng）：随着。零：落下。
借问：古诗中常见的假设性问语。一般用于上句，下句即作者自答。
怀人：所怀念的人。九冥（míng）：犹“九泉”，指阴间。
礼服：指五服亲疏关系。古代按血统的亲疏关系，把服丧的礼服分为五个等级，叫五服。群：众。从：指堂房亲属。如堂兄弟称从兄弟，堂伯叔称从伯叔。
同生：谓同父所生。《国语·晋语四》：“其同生而异姓者，四母之子别为十二姓。”
执手：握手告别。《诗经·郑风·遵大路》：“遵大路兮，掺执子之手兮。”郑玄笺：“言执手者，思望之甚也。”
何意：哪里料到。《后汉书·申屠蟠传》：“蟠勃然作色曰：‘始吾以子为可与言也，何意乃相拘教乐贵之徒邪？’”尔：你。倾：指死。
在数：谓由于天数。数，指自然的定数。一作“毁”。竟不免：终不免于死。不，一作“未”。
为山：指建立功业。《论语·子罕》：“譬如为山，未成一篑。”篑（kuì）：盛土的筐子。
沈：同“沉”。哀疚（jiù）：悲痛。多指居丧。疚，内心痛苦。
二胤（yìn）：两个孩子。胤：子嗣，后代。
双位：夫妻灵位，指仲德与其妻之灵位。位，一作“泣”。委：置。
朝夕：犹言从早到晚，整天。形容长时间。《诗经·小雅·北山》：“陟彼北山，言采其杞。偕偕士子，朝夕从事。”
流尘：指灰尘。三国魏曹植《仲雍哀辞》：“流尘飘荡魂安归。”集：聚，落满。虚坐：空座。坐，通“座”。晋潘岳《寡妇赋》：“奉虚坐兮肃清，愬空宇兮旷朗。廓孤立兮顾影，块独言兮听响。”
宿草：隔年的草。《礼记·檀弓》：“朋友之墓，有宿草而不哭焉。”孔颖达疏：“宿草，陈根也，草经一年则根陈也。朋友相为哭一期，草根陈乃不哭也。”后用为悼念亡友之辞。旅：寄生。一作“依”。前庭：正屋前的庭院。汉刘桢《赠五官中郎将》诗之三：“白露涂前庭，应门重其关。”
阶除；台阶。汉蔡邕《伤故栗赋》：“树遐方之嘉木兮，于灵宇之前庭。通二门以征行兮，夹阶除而列生。”旷：空缺，荒废。游迹：行走的踪迹。指敬德而言。
独：唯有。余情：遗留下来的情意。
翳（yì）然：隐晦的样子，即暗暗地。乘化去：顺应自然的变化而逝去。化，造化。 晋陶潜《归去来兮辞》：“聊乘化以归尽，乐夫天命复奚疑。”
终天：终古，永久。谓如天之久远无穷。晋潘岳《哀永逝文》：“今奈何兮一举，邈终天兮不反。”形：指形体。
迟迟：这里形容不忍离去而行走迟缓的样子。《关尹子·三极》：“人之善琴者，有悲心则声凄凄焉，有思心则声迟迟然。”
恻恻：悲痛；凄凉。汉扬雄《太玄·翕》：“翕缴恻恻。”范望注：“鸟而失志，故高飞，飞而遇缴，欲去不得，故恻恻也。恻，痛也。”襟盈：满怀。襟：襟怀。盈：满。悲襟盈，一作“襟涕盈”。
参考资料：
1、郭维森 包景诚．陶渊明集全译．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1992：107-109
悲从弟仲德创作背景
这首诗约作于晋安帝义熙八年（412年），陶渊明四十八岁。这一年，陶渊明全家离开南村，回到阔别六年的上京里老家。
参考资料：
1、郭维森 包景诚．陶渊明集全译．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1992：107-109
悲从弟仲德鉴赏
陶渊明全家回到上京里后，感到物迁人非，非常恻怆，他凭吊了从弟敬德的旧宅，寡奶遗孑，虚坐生尘，更触动悲怀。
尽管陶渊明深知自然规律不可抗拒，人死不能复活，仍为从弟功业未成一篑而悲叹，为从弟在“上有老下有小”最需要他的时候辞世而感伤。从弟的旧宅如今已物是人非，只剩下他和妻子落满灰尘的灵位和庭园荒草以及园林馀情了，陶渊明不禁步履沉重迟缓，眼泪沾满衣襟。
礼服制度决定人与人的亲疏关系，金钱财富决定人与人的感情距离。陶渊明对失去从弟会如此悲痛，反映了他不受礼法制度和世俗偏见的约束，将情感置于礼法和世俗之上，从容于礼法和世俗之外。全诗体现了陶渊明情感至上和逍遥自佚的性格特征。
这首诗写得较长，分五层委婉道来，有的句子似不甚精思，如“悲泪应心零”、“何意尔先倾”，殊不知悲之至而不择语，随口道来，更能体现其任真。陶渊明虽然淡泊，然对于亲友，正是一位十分重感情的人。
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朱彝尊《
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解佩令·自题词集》
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陶渊明《
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悲从弟仲德》
陶渊明简介
唐代·陶渊明的简介
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陶渊明（约365年—427年），字元亮，（又一说名潜，字渊明）号五柳先生，私谥“靖节”，东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、文学家、辞赋家、散文家。汉族，东晋浔阳柴桑人（今江西九江）。曾做过几年小官，后辞官回家，从此隐居，田园生活是陶渊明诗的主要题材，相关作品有《饮酒》、《归园田居》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》、《归去来兮辞》等。
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今年五月梅，昼夜雨不止。
及兹七八月，一旱乃如此。
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庸庵同年于甲子重九集饮浦江高楼有诗纪事依
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近现代：
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陈三立
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寄命湖船带梦游，又依海客恋残秋。
楹书壁挂成千劫，波影花光聚一楼。
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兵乱后自嬄杂诗 其八
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宋代：
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吕本中
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夷甫终隳晋，群胡迫帝居。王纲板荡后，国势土崩初。
戈戟连梁苑，头颅塞浚渠。天心应助顺，侧听十行书。