至后
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唐代]：杜甫
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冬至至后日初长，远在剑南思洛阳。
青袍白马有何意，金谷铜驼非故乡。
梅花欲开不自觉，棣萼一别永相望。
愁极本凭诗遣兴，诗成吟咏转凄凉。
至后译文及注释
译文
冬至之后，白天渐长而黑夜渐短。我在远远的成都思念洛阳。
我在严武的幕府中志不自展，成都虽也有如金谷、铜驼一类的胜地但毕竟不是故乡金谷铜驼。
梅花正含苞欲放，我不自觉地想起我洛阳的兄弟朋友。
愁闷极了，本想写诗来排愁，没想到越写越凄凉了。
注释
日初长：指冬至之后，白天逐渐由短变长。
剑南：这里指蜀地。因在剑门关以南，故称。
青袍白马：此和《洗兵行》中所用不是一个意思。这里指的是幕府生活。
金谷、铜驼： 邵注：金谷园、铜驼陌，皆洛阳胜地。非故乡：金谷铜驼，洛阳皆遭乱矣，物是人非。
棣萼：《诗》：“棠棣之华，萼不韡韡。”棣萼，以比喻兄弟。
愁极：意为愁苦极时本欲借诗遣怀，但诗成而吟咏反觉更添凄凉。
参考资料：
1、李谊 ．杜甫草堂诗注 ：四川人民出版社 ，1982年04月第1版 ：第274页 ．
至后鉴赏
“冬至至后日初长，远在剑南思洛阳”。第一句准确地写出了冬至的特点：一年中日最短，影最长的日子，冬至之后，日渐长而影渐短。诗人杜甫写此诗时，正在成都（剑南），在朋友严武那里做幕僚，而且与严武发生了一些不愉快，心情十分低落，所以就思念起了洛阳。杜甫的青少年时期是在洛阳度过的，而且他与李白当年也正是在洛阳相识的。
“青袍白马有何意，金谷铜驼非故乡”。青袍白马，指的是自己当前的处境，指闲官卑位，这里作借代用，也可指处于闲官卑官中的自己。随即他又说，故乡洛阳已经物是人非。当时安史之乱，洛阳已经沦陷。这里的金谷，指的是金谷园，西晋石崇的花园，在洛阳西北，这是古代诗歌中经常出现的一处名园。铜驼，指的是铜驼街，铜驼路是西晋都城洛阳皇宫前一条繁华的街道，以宫前立有铜驼而得名。故人们常以金谷、铜驼代表洛阳的名胜古迹，或者指代洛阳。但洛阳城里的“金谷铜驼”并非故乡的典型特征。诗中的“金谷”与“铜驼”，已十分清楚地告知我们，杜甫在剑南所思念的洛阳，是可肯定为其故乡的。而诗中的“非故乡”，并不是指洛阳不是杜甫的故乡，而是说：但洛阳的金谷园、铜驼等胜地的风景，因遭受了安史之乱而使其非昔日可比了。正如《杜诗详注》云：“金谷铜驼，洛阳遭乱矣。”
“愁极本凭诗遣兴，诗成吟咏转凄凉”。《诗经·小雅·常棣》“常棣之华，鄂不韡韡。凡今之人，莫如兄弟。”诗以开花繁盛紧密的棠棣起兴，讲对兄弟的思念。所以棣萼指的就是兄弟，所以表面上作者是在讲两种花，指堂棣之华早就开谢了，自己还在想着它，而梅花正含苞欲放。而实际上，作者前一句是起兴，讲的是眼前的景：梅花欲开。后一句讲的是由此景而联想的情绪：对远在洛阳的兄弟朋友的思念。洛阳遭受战乱，那里有知我怜我的兄弟，所以我特别地想念它。（棠棣，有人以为就是郁李，以上为郁李花。）诗人说，愁闷极了，本想写首诗来排遣这愁闷，没料到诗写成后自己吟咏起来，反而更觉得凄凉与寂寞了。
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杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫（712－770），字子美，自号少陵野老，世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等，汉族，河南府巩县（今河南省巩义市）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”，其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”，为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民，人格高尚，他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来，诗艺精湛，在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇，影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都，后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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