鸨羽
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两汉]：佚名
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肃肃鸨羽，集于苞栩。王事靡盬，不能蓺稷黍。父母何怙？悠悠苍天，曷其有所？
肃肃鸨翼，集于苞棘。王事靡盬，不能蓺黍稷。父母何食？悠悠苍天，曷其有极？
肃肃鸨行，集于苞桑，王事靡盬，不能蓺稻梁。父母何尝？悠悠苍天，曷其有常？
鸨羽译文及注释
译文
大鸨扑棱棱地振动着翅膀，成群栖息在丛生的柞树上。王侯家的徭役无止又无休，我不能回家耕种五谷杂粮。我可怜的父母靠什么养活？可望不可及的老天爷在上，我何时才能返回我的家乡？
大鸨扑棱棱地扇动着翅膀，成群落在丛生的酸枣树上。王侯家的徭役无休亦无止，我不能回家耕种五谷杂粮。可怜的父母有什么吃的啊？可望不可及的老天爷在上，什么时候我才能不再奔忙？
大鸨扑棱棱地飞动着翅膀，成群栖息在丛生的桑树上。王侯家的徭役从来没有头，我不能回家耕种稻谷高粱。可怜的父母吃什么活着啊？可望不可及的老天爷在上，苦命的日子何时恢复正常？
注释
鸨（bǎo）：鸟名，似雁而大，群居水草地区，性不善栖木。
肃肃：鸟翅扇动的响声。
苞栩：丛密的柞树。苞，草木丛生；栩，栎树，一名柞树。
靡：无，没有。盬（gǔ）：休止。
蓺（yì)：种植。稷：高粱。黍：黍子，黄米。
怙（hù）：依靠，凭恃。
曷（hé）：何。所：住所。
棘：酸枣树，落叶灌木。
极：终了，尽头。
行：行列。一说鸨腿；一说翅根，引申为鸟翅。
尝：吃。
常：正常。
参考资料：
1、姜亮夫 等．先秦诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1998：231-233
2、王秀梅 译注．诗经（上）：国风．北京：中华书局，2015：234-236
鸨羽创作背景
关于这首诗的主题背景，古今各家认识比较一致，都以为是晋国政治黑暗，没完没了的徭役使农民终年在外疲于奔命，根本无法安居乐业，赡养父母妻子，因而发出呼天怨地的声音，强烈抗议统治者的深重压迫。
参考资料：
1、姜亮夫 等．先秦诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1998：231-233
2、王秀梅 译注．诗经（上）：国风．北京：中华书局，2015：234-236
鸨羽鉴赏
这是一首描述徭役沉重、民不聊生之苦的诗歌。全诗三章首句均以大鸨这种鸟本不会在树上栖息，却反常地栖息在树上来比喻成群的农民反常的生活——长期在外服役而不能在家安居务农养家糊口，其苦情可见一斑。因为鸨鸟是属于雁类的飞禽，其爪间有蹼而无后趾，生性只能浮水，奔走于沼泽草地，不能抓握枝条在树上栖息。而今鸨鸟居然飞集在树上，犹如让农民抛弃务农的本业常年从事徭役而无法过正常的生活。这是一种隐喻的手法，正是诗人独具匠心之处。王室的差事没完没了，回家的日子遥遥无期，大量的田地荒芜失种。老弱妇孺饿死沟壑，这正是春秋战国时期各国纷争、战乱频仍的现实反映，所以诗人以极其怨愤的口吻对统治者提出强烈的抗议与控诉，甚至呼天抢地，表现出人民心中正燃烧着熊熊的怒火，随时随地都会像炽烈的岩浆冲破地壳的裂缝喷涌而出，掀翻统治阶级的宝座。
全诗三章语言大同小异，这是民间歌谣的共同点。至于三章分别举出栩、棘、桑三种树木，则纯粹是信手拈来，便于押韵，别无其他深意。
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佚名《
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小雅·伐木》
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佚名《
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殷其雷》
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清代：
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